Picture a fluid moving within the conduit. At certain situations, this flow is laminar - sheets the liquid glide past one smoothly. However, when the velocity is highly fast or the pipe is not perfectly formed, this orderly arrangement breaks, resulting turbulence. Turbulence is the unpredictable

Thomson's Plum Pudding model, while groundbreaking for its time, faced several challenges as scientists gained a deeper understanding of atomic structure. One major drawback was its inability to account for the results of Rutherford's gold foil experiment. The model predicted that alpha particles